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What do the abbreviations STS and STA stand for, and what are the respective date fields on a shipment intended for?

STS = scheduled time of sailing, indicates the scheduled departure time/ STA = scheduled time of arrival, indicates the scheduled arrival time

The fields STS and STA

Both fields do not have to be filled - but if they are filled, they can enable more detailed shipment tracking (through tracking events).
date fields shipment

STS/STA define the planned date. We then use ETS/ETA to record whether and how this has changed in the course of processing. This allows us to show later in a report how far ETS/ETA deviates from STS/STA.

Only ETS/ETA and ATS/ATA are changed by SCE (Sea Carrier EDI) and Schedule Events.

Meaning of all date field abbreviations

STS = scheduled time of sailing, stands for the scheduled departure time
STA = scheduled time of arrival, indicates the scheduled time of arrival

ETS = estimated time of sailing, indicates the expected departure time 
ETA = estimated time of arrival, indicates the expected time of arrival

ATS = actual time of sailing, indicates the actual departure time
ATA = actual time of arrival, indicates the actual time of arrival